Desde todo punto de vista, el siglo XVI ha sido uno de los menos estudiados en nuestro país, siendo la base sobre la cual se constituye la identidad de nuestra nación. En cuanto a la perspectiva lingüística, basada en material documental de fuentes primarias, se ha podido apreciar un escaso acercamiento, debido principalmente a la complejidad de la lectura paleográfica de los textos. Como expresión filológica, en esta exposición trataremos de dar cuenta de cómo los aspectos cotidianos construyen la red de relaciones que mueven a un segmento importante de la población, lo que ejemplificaremos a través del análisis del Libro de los Cabildos, del siglo XVI. Para reforzar este análisis, se harán referencias cruzadas a textos complementarios del período colonial.
0. En nuestro país, el siglo XVI es una de las etapas tal vez más desconocida en nuestra constitución como nación. Desconocida no sólo desde el punto de vista historiográfico, sino también desde la perspectiva lingüística, es la etapa en que se concentra la demografía peninsular y se establecen las redes sociales que darán surgimiento a una población con particulares características. El conjunto de emigrantes peninsulares que conformó la variedad lingüística del español de América no fue, como es lógico, ni homogéneo ni distribuido equitativamente por las varias regiones del Nuevo Continente; más bien se reunieron en torno de características y circunstancias comunes, ya fueran éstas pasajeras o relativamente estables, con el fin de lograr, eso sí, la tan ansiada fama y reconocimiento – no sólo de nombre, sino también desde el punto de vista económico – de que tan buena cuenta dan algunos de los documentos que hasta ahora he analizado. Mas, una vez asentados en las tierras conquistadas, elprocso de inmersión en la realidad que los circundaba debió terminar por asimilarlos a la tierra, así como por proporcionarles una visión diferente de su propia percepción y de la de su entorno.
Si nos situamos, brevemente, dentro de la línea temporal que implica la documentación seleccionada – siglo XVI – podemos decir que la empresa de Chile fue, con mucho, la más complicada y prolongada de todas cuantas realizara la corona española en América. Después del fallido intento de conquista por parte de Diego de Almagro en 1535, que atrajera tan mala fama a sus supervivientes y a la tierra misma, 5 años más tarde el capitán Pedro de Valdivia inicia un nuevo intento, con una veintena de hombres y una mujer blanca, nuestra célebre extremeña Inés Suárez; a este grupo se agrega, con posterioridad, los restos de diversas expediciones hasta completar unos 152 hombres, quienes deben padecer las inclemencias climáticas del desierto y el continuo asedio de los indígenas, que periódicamente se encargaban de hacer mermar sus ya reducidos y magros alimentos. Hacia fines del siglo XVI, luego del período de inestabilidad inicial de la conquista y del posterior desastre provocado por la batalla de Curalaba – que provoca una fuerte conmoción inclusive en aquellos lugares que no se vieron afectados directamente por la catástrofe – se produce un mayor asentamiento de los conquistadores y pobladores, permitiendo que la organización primigenia de campamento militar dé paso a una incipiente urbanización, lo que implica un reajuste en los organismos que se constituirán como núcleos de la vida chilena – incluyendo los eclesiales – concentrando en la capital la mayor parte de la población hispana, que se ve reforzada por migraciones posteriores, así como por la criollización y el mestizaje. Junto con esto, se echan las bases de una naciente explotación agrícola y ganadera, las cuales se constituirán en el pilar fundamental de la economía del reino. Socialmente hablando, la estratificación de los niveles es estamental, formada, en principio, por un grupo de conquistadores en su vértice y una amplia base indígena. Posteriormente, con la formalización de los primeros núcleos familiares, constituídos fundamentalmente por criollas, hijas naturales y mestizas de los conquistadores, que casaron con españoles, unido al surgimiento de los artesanos y trabajadores especializados, así como los refuerzos de contingentes militares, se desarrolla el sector intermedio de la pirámide.Awiting bayan lyrics
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